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Centralized API gateway, WAF, CDN and load balancer that handle incoming client requests and provide rate limiting, DDoS protection, and routing to downstream services
Identity and access control layer (IAM, SSO, OAuth, MFA) that enforces user authentication and authorization before allowing access to protected services
Primary business logic, transaction processing, notification and reporting engines responsible for executing customer workflows and maintaining transactional integrity
Message broker and streaming infrastructure used to decouple services, buffer workloads during spikes, and enable reliable asynchronous processing
Persistent data storage including relational and NoSQL databases, data lake and object storage that support OLTP, analytics, and long-term retention requirements
Big data processing, ML model training and visualization components that transform operational data into business insights and predictive capabilities